Geoffrey Hodson

2019-02-06T19:42:04Z

Dhananjay Joshi:

Rabindranath Tagore

2018-02-27T22:53:47Z

Dhananjay Joshi: /* Tagore and Theosophical Society */

[[File:R Tagore.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Autographed photo of Rabindranath Tagore]]
'''Rabindranath Tagore''' was a Bengali poet who was awarded the Nobel prize for literature. He was heavily involved with members of the [[Theosophical Society (Adyar)|Theosophical Society]] in England and India.
==Tagore and Theosophical Society==
[[File:Tagore at Besant Theosophical School.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Tagore at Besant Theosophical School]]
G. SUNDARI was born in 1929. She has had a lifelong association with both the Theosophical Society and Kalakshetra. She worked at Kalakshetra for 33 years, first as the ‘Superintendent of Studies', and later as the ‘Assistant Secretary of Performances' for over two decades.

She remembers Rabindranath Tagore in follwing words:

"My father came to Madras at the request of Annie Besant to work in the Theosophical Publishing House, and the rest of us followed when the Besant Theosophical School opened in 1934. I joined the school in Class I, and studied there till I completed my SSLC.

One of my earliest memories is of seeing Rabindranath Tagore during his visit to Madras in 1934. He was very impressive, with his ochre robes and his long beard. He had come with his students as part of his South India tour to raise funds for Shantiniketan. The president of the Society, George Arundale told him, ‘Gurudev, we don't want you to have to go around collecting funds at your age,' and assured him that they'd collect the money for him. So Tagore stayed on at the Society for about 10 days, and was well taken care of at the Blavatsky Bungalow near the big banyan tree.

All of us children would run in and out of the bungalow — there were no restrictions on our movements. Tagore would be reclining in an easy chair in the hall and when a child went up to him, his arm would go gently around him or her. But what fascinated us most was the sight of his students combing out his long beard! The Theosophical Society was in general a very child-friendly place. Dr. Arundale wouldn't pass by a child without a smile and a wave."

A plaque commemorates his stay from Oct 21 to Nov 2, 1934
[[File:Tagore Plaque.jpg|center|200px|thumb|Tagore Plaque]]

Here’s a partial view of the historic bungalow…
[[File:Tagore stayed here.jpg|center|200px|thumb|Tagore stayed here]]

==Tagore and Besant Theosophical College==
Besant Theosophical College is one of the oldest colleges in the Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh. The college started on 19 July 1915. (It was established decades before Sri Venkateswara University.) Initially it was affiliated to Madras University. In 1917 it was obliged to dissociate itself from Madras University and became part of National University. Dr. Rabindranath Tagore was the chancellor of the university.

In 1919, Tagore visited the college and during this time translated the lyrics of the Indian national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana", which he had previously written, from Bengali to English. Margaret Cousins (an expert in European music and wife of Irish poet James Cousins, then vice-principal of the college) set down the notation to the national anthem in the college, which is followed only when the song is sung in the original slow rendition style.

During Tagore's visit, the Scout Movement and "All India Women Association" were inaugurated at Madanapalle.

In 1923, the college was re-affiliated to Madras University and continued for almost 30 years. After the separation of Andhra State and Madras State, the college was affiliated to Andhra University (1954–1956) and then to Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati.

== Additional resources ==
* [http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/rabindranath-tagore Rabindranath Tagore] at The Open University's website on "Making Britain: Discover how South Asians shaped the nation, 1870-1950." Accessed November 3, 2016.

== Notes ==
<references/>

[[Category:Poets|Tagore, Rabindranath]]
[[Category:Playwrights|Tagore, Rabindranath]]
[[Category:Educators|Tagore, Rabindranath]]
[[Category:Nationality Indian|Tagore, Rabindranath]]
[[Category:People|Tagore, Rabindranath]]

Rabindranath Tagore

2018-02-27T22:50:47Z

Dhananjay Joshi: /* Tagore and Theosophical Society */

[[File:R Tagore.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Autographed photo of Rabindranath Tagore]]
'''Rabindranath Tagore''' was a Bengali poet who was awarded the Nobel prize for literature. He was heavily involved with members of the [[Theosophical Society (Adyar)|Theosophical Society]] in England and India.
==Tagore and Theosophical Society==
[[File:Tagore at Besant Theosophical School.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Tagore at Besant Theosophical School]]
G. SUNDARI was born in 1929. She has had a lifelong association with both the Theosophical Society and Kalakshetra. She worked at Kalakshetra for 33 years, first as the ‘Superintendent of Studies', and later as the ‘Assistant Secretary of Performances' for over two decades.

She remembers Rabindranath Tagore in follwing words:

"My father came to Madras at the request of Annie Besant to work in the Theosophical Publishing House, and the rest of us followed when the Besant Theosophical School opened in 1934. I joined the school in Class I, and studied there till I completed my SSLC.

One of my earliest memories is of seeing Rabindranath Tagore during his visit to Madras in 1934. He was very impressive, with his ochre robes and his long beard. He had come with his students as part of his South India tour to raise funds for Shantiniketan. The president of the Society, George Arundale told him, ‘Gurudev, we don't want you to have to go around collecting funds at your age,' and assured him that they'd collect the money for him. So Tagore stayed on at the Society for about 10 days, and was well taken care of at the Blavatsky Bungalow near the big banyan tree.

All of us children would run in and out of the bungalow — there were no restrictions on our movements. Tagore would be reclining in an easy chair in the hall and when a child went up to him, his arm would go gently around him or her. But what fascinated us most was the sight of his students combing out his long beard! The Theosophical Society was in general a very child-friendly place. Dr. Arundale wouldn't pass by a child without a smile and a wave."

A plaque commemorates his stay from Oct 21 to Nov 2, 1934
[[File:Tagore Plaque.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Tagore Plaque]]

Here’s a partial view of the historic bungalow…

==Tagore and Besant Theosophical College==
Besant Theosophical College is one of the oldest colleges in the Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh. The college started on 19 July 1915. (It was established decades before Sri Venkateswara University.) Initially it was affiliated to Madras University. In 1917 it was obliged to dissociate itself from Madras University and became part of National University. Dr. Rabindranath Tagore was the chancellor of the university.

In 1919, Tagore visited the college and during this time translated the lyrics of the Indian national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana", which he had previously written, from Bengali to English. Margaret Cousins (an expert in European music and wife of Irish poet James Cousins, then vice-principal of the college) set down the notation to the national anthem in the college, which is followed only when the song is sung in the original slow rendition style.

During Tagore's visit, the Scout Movement and "All India Women Association" were inaugurated at Madanapalle.

In 1923, the college was re-affiliated to Madras University and continued for almost 30 years. After the separation of Andhra State and Madras State, the college was affiliated to Andhra University (1954–1956) and then to Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati.

== Additional resources ==
* [http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/rabindranath-tagore Rabindranath Tagore] at The Open University's website on "Making Britain: Discover how South Asians shaped the nation, 1870-1950." Accessed November 3, 2016.

== Notes ==
<references/>

[[Category:Poets|Tagore, Rabindranath]]
[[Category:Playwrights|Tagore, Rabindranath]]
[[Category:Educators|Tagore, Rabindranath]]
[[Category:Nationality Indian|Tagore, Rabindranath]]
[[Category:People|Tagore, Rabindranath]]

File:Tagore stayed here.jpg

2018-02-27T22:45:55Z

Dhananjay Joshi:

Rabindranath Tagore

2018-02-27T22:37:53Z

File:Ravi Ravindra.jpg

2017-10-05T16:18:25Z

Dhananjay Joshi:

2017-05-30T16:37:31Z

Dhananjay Joshi:

S. Subramania Iyer

2017-05-22T18:21:00Z

Dhananjay Joshi:

'''Sir Subbier Subramania Iyer''' KCIE (Tamil: சுப்பையர் சுப்பிரமணிய ஐயர்) (1 October 1842 – 5 December 1924) was an Indian lawyer, jurist, and freedom fighter who worked with [[Annie Besant]] to establish the Indian Home Rule Movement.

==Early Days==

Subbaiyar Subramania Iyer was born of Brahman parents on 1 October 1842 in Madura (now Madurai) District, South India. He was brought up amid the enlivening and chastening circumstances of a high-caste Hindu family and hence had access to education in English very early in life. His mind was thus open in its formative period to the influences introduced by the West. His father Subbaiyar was a trusted Vakil or agent of the Zamindar of Ramnad (Madura District). He died in 1844 when Subramaniam was only two years old. Young Subramaniam had his early schooling in a Christian Mission, then in an English school, and in 1856 he entered Zilla High School. He was successful in various fields and passed the highest examination in that school in 1859. His name appeared in the official Gazette and caught the eye of the Collector of the District, and soon the successful young man started his career in Government service as a clerk.

While serving as a clerk, Subramania Iyer passed the examination to become a pleader at the head of the list for the Madras Presidency, but he was not given permission to practise. However, when the Criminal Procedure Code came into force in 1862, his legal qualifications found recognition.

==Career As A Lawyer==

The year 1857 saw the establishment of the University of Madras and in 1864 the High Court in Madras came into existence. Under its rules anyone who took the Bachelor of Law degree at Madras University and studied for a year under a practitioner of the High Court could be admitted to plead before it. Subramania Iyer took the opportunity to go in for higher studies and became a student once again. Though working all day in the office, he passed the Matriculation examination in 1865, Fellow of Arts in 1866 and Bachelor of Law in 1868 — all by private study. These added qualifications secured him promotion to the office of Tahsildar, but he soon resigned and apprenticed himself to an English Barrister who was also the Official Reporter to the High Court. Subramania Iyer became a reporter to the High Court himself and was formally admitted to the Bar in 1869. Within a few months he was able to start his career and returned to Madura where he practised for fourteen years.

In 1870, as a young man of twenty-eight, blossoming into a leader of the Bar, he was appointed the Municipal Commissioner of Madura, in which capacity he did much for that city. He was also a member of the Madura District Board. In 1873 he won a suit against a temple committee for discrepancies in their accounts, after which he strove hard throughout his life to introduce rectitude into the management of temples. He founded the Dharma Rakshana Sabha for carrying out reforms and for the redress of grievances in the management of Hindu temples. He was also the pioneer of a movement which culminated in the passing of the Hindu Religious Endowments Act and the establishment of the Hindu Religious Endowments Board. Later, as a Judge, he advocated that surplus temple funds be used for religious education and amenities for pilgrims. In 1875, when H. M. the late Emperor Edward visited Madura as Prince of Wales, Subramania Iyer was chosen to be the spokesman of the town and presented its loyal address of welcome. In 1877, recognition of his work came to Mr Iyer in the form of a Certificate of Merit awarded by Lord Lytton at Delhi. In 1884 Sir M. E. Grant Duff, Governor of Madras, visited Madura and, recognizing the worth of Subramania Iyer, nominated him a non-official member of the Madras Legislative Council.

The year 1884 was a turning point in Subramania Iyer’s life. He lost his wife and had to come to terms with his grief. He came into contact with Col. H. S. Olcott and joined The Theosophical Society, of which he remained a staunch and loyal member till the end. It was in Madras that he first met Mr T. Subba Row, a Hindu scholar and Theosophist, who much impressed him.

In December 1884 Subramania Iyer was one of the seventeen men of the Provisional Committee formed in Madras that began the long struggle for India’s freedom and evolved the scheme of a national assembly. In 1885 the Indian National Congress held its first formal session in Bombay. Mr Iyer, as one of the co-founders, contributed significant information about the working of the Legislative Councils. This is one of the instances of Mr Iyer’s advocacy of popular government — long before the arrival of Annie Besant in India. In the same year Mr Iyer moved to Madras and took up practice in the High Court, thus widening the sphere of his activity. He was also appointed a Fellow of the University. From this time onwards he was a constant adviser of the President of The Theosophical Society, Col. Olcott, and was made a member of the Executive Committee.

In 1887, the British Government gave expression to their appreciation of Subramania Iyer’s work; he became the first Indian to be appointed Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor. Owing to his unique abilities, high character and distinction, Mr Iyer was able to break down the prevalent racial prejudice and be accepted, and to enter for the first time into what had been regarded as the close preserve of the Europeans. At the end of his first term of office the Chief Justice wrote him a special letter of appreciation for his work. In 1895 he rose to the Bench of Madras High Court and till his retirement in 1907 he continued to be an honoured Judge, thrice being raised to Acting Chief Justice — in 1899, 1903 and 1906. The Privy Council recognized him as ‘a Hindu lawyer of great distinction’ and showed deference to his views; the public idolized him as one who never failed to temper justice with mercy.

The British Government, recognizing his brilliant work in his profession and his contribution to public welfare as a non-official member of the Legislative Council, made him a C.I.E. — ‘Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire’ — in 1889. In 1891 he was given the Indian title of ‘Diwan Bahadur’, and in 1900 he was made a ‘Knight Commander of the Indian Empire’ and became Sir Subramania Iyer. He retired from the office of Judge in November 1907, owing to failing eyesight.

==Work With Theosophical Society==
[[File:Subramania Iyer statue.JPG|right|200px|thumb|S. Subramania Iyer Statue in Adyar]]
Having joined The Theosophical Society in the early 1880s Subramania Iyer threw himself into active work for the Movement. He was the Founder-President of the Madura Lodge of The Theosophical Society till 1885 when he settled in Madras.

In Madras, he was made a member of the inner committee of seven which really managed all the affairs of the Society. Col. H. S. Olcott, the President of the Theosophical Society, consulted him upon all points requiring decision, and placed great reliance on his judgement. He was also a member of the committee appointed to investigate the Coulomb affair, and it was largely owing to his advice that Madame Blavatsky was dissuaded from prosecuting them. In 1893, he met Annie Besant at the Annual Convention at Adyar and remained her staunch friend, working with her in all her various activities of nation-building and Theosophy. He was the co-founder of the Young Men’s Indian Association with Dr Besant, and an active worker and Honorary President of the National Home Rule League till he passed away. Annie Besant wrote of him:

'He joined The Theosophical Society in its early days, when it was despised and rejected of men, shed lustre on it by his brilliant intelligence, his spotless life, and his profound devotion to Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. He stood by her through the infamous Coulomb attack, and was a member of the Committee which investigated the charges and declared her innocent of the accusation of fraudulent phenomena brought against her.'

Sir Subramania Iyer was the Recording Secretary (1905–6) and assisted Col. Olcott when the Theosophical Society was incorporated on 3 April 1905 at Madras. He was appointed Vice-President in 1907 when Dr Besant took the office of President of The Theosophical Society. In 1911 when Mr Sinnett decided to rejoin the Society she offered him the position of Vice-President, and cabled to Sir Subramania Iyer to ask if he were willing to resign to make this appointment possible, and he gallantly and immediately agreed to do so.

In 1917, Sir Subramania Iyer took the bold step of addressing Mr Woodrow Wilson, President of the USA, on British misrule in India, citing particularly the incarceration of Annie Besant, G. S. Arundale and B. P. Wadia and requesting him to use America’s influence for Indian Home Rule. He also surrendered all the honours conferred on him by the British Government as, in Dr Besant’s words,

‘he would not wear an honour given by a Government which had struck so shrewd a blow at his country’s liberties’.

He was unceasing in his efforts to obtain the release of his colleagues. The agitation was successful and resulted in their release within three months. He continued to be actively involved in the work of The Theosophical Society and various other causes for his country till his last days.

==Tributes==
==Publications==
==Last Days==

Sir Subramania Iyer, after his retirement as Justice of the Madras Bench, concentrated on serving The Theosophical Society and his country, even while on his own spiritual quest. He took to the systematic investigation of many forms of meditation. Consequent to his spiritual pursuits and meditative practice he appeared to have attained certain occult powers, incompatible with a worldly life, and became a recluse. Doubtlessly his spiritual transformation was enkindled and fuelled in no small measure by his association with HPB, T. Subba Row, Dr Besant and The Theosophical Society. Dr Besant, wrote about Mani Iyer’s last days:

'He was ill for very long, but to the end his splendid brain remained strong; the last few months were full of pain, but the dear old man remained patient throughout, only longing to go Home; and he went gladly to the Master he loved and served.'

He passed away on 5 December 1924.

==Sources==
== Notes ==
<ref>Anonymous, "Subramania Iyer, Sir S.," ''The International Theosophical Year Book 1938'' (Adyar, Madras, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1938): 217.</ref>
<references/>

[[Category:Nationality Indian|Subramania Iyer, S.]]

S. Subramania Iyer

2017-05-15T16:14:26Z

Dhananjay Joshi: /* Last Days */

'''Sir Subbier Subramania Iyer''' KCIE (Tamil: சுப்பையர் சுப்பிரமணிய ஐயர்) (1 October 1842 – 5 December 1924) was an Indian lawyer, jurist, and freedom fighter who worked with [[Annie Besant]] to establish the Indian Home Rule Movement.

==Early Days==

Subbaiyar Subramania Iyer was born of Brahman parents on 1 October 1842 in Madura (now Madurai) District, South India. He was brought up amid the enlivening and chastening circumstances of a high-caste Hindu family and hence had access to education in English very early in life. His mind was thus open in its formative period to the influences introduced by the West. His father Subbaiyar was a trusted Vakil or agent of the Zamindar of Ramnad (Madura District). He died in 1844 when Subramaniam was only two years old. Young Subramaniam had his early schooling in a Christian Mission, then in an English school, and in 1856 he entered Zilla High School. He was successful in various fields and passed the highest examination in that school in 1859. His name appeared in the official Gazette and caught the eye of the Collector of the District, and soon the successful young man started his career in Government service as a clerk.

While serving as a clerk, Subramania Iyer passed the examination to become a pleader at the head of the list for the Madras Presidency, but he was not given permission to practise. However, when the Criminal Procedure Code came into force in 1862, his legal qualifications found recognition.

==Career As A Lawyer==

The year 1857 saw the establishment of the University of Madras and in 1864 the High Court in Madras came into existence. Under its rules anyone who took the Bachelor of Law degree at Madras University and studied for a year under a practitioner of the High Court could be admitted to plead before it. Subramania Iyer took the opportunity to go in for higher studies and became a student once again. Though working all day in the office, he passed the Matriculation examination in 1865, Fellow of Arts in 1866 and Bachelor of Law in 1868 — all by private study. These added qualifications secured him promotion to the office of Tahsildar, but he soon resigned and apprenticed himself to an English Barrister who was also the Official Reporter to the High Court. Subramania Iyer became a reporter to the High Court himself and was formally admitted to the Bar in 1869. Within a few months he was able to start his career and returned to Madura where he practised for fourteen years.

In 1870, as a young man of twenty-eight, blossoming into a leader of the Bar, he was appointed the Municipal Commissioner of Madura, in which capacity he did much for that city. He was also a member of the Madura District Board. In 1873 he won a suit against a temple committee for discrepancies in their accounts, after which he strove hard throughout his life to introduce rectitude into the management of temples. He founded the Dharma Rakshana Sabha for carrying out reforms and for the redress of grievances in the management of Hindu temples. He was also the pioneer of a movement which culminated in the passing of the Hindu Religious Endowments Act and the establishment of the Hindu Religious Endowments Board. Later, as a Judge, he advocated that surplus temple funds be used for religious education and amenities for pilgrims. In 1875, when H. M. the late Emperor Edward visited Madura as Prince of Wales, Subramania Iyer was chosen to be the spokesman of the town and presented its loyal address of welcome. In 1877, recognition of his work came to Mr Iyer in the form of a Certificate of Merit awarded by Lord Lytton at Delhi. In 1884 Sir M. E. Grant Duff, Governor of Madras, visited Madura and, recognizing the worth of Subramania Iyer, nominated him a non-official member of the Madras Legislative Council.

The year 1884 was a turning point in Subramania Iyer’s life. He lost his wife and had to come to terms with his grief. He came into contact with Col. H. S. Olcott and joined The Theosophical Society, of which he remained a staunch and loyal member till the end. It was in Madras that he first met Mr T. Subba Row, a Hindu scholar and Theosophist, who much impressed him.

In December 1884 Subramania Iyer was one of the seventeen men of the Provisional Committee formed in Madras that began the long struggle for India’s freedom and evolved the scheme of a national assembly. In 1885 the Indian National Congress held its first formal session in Bombay. Mr Iyer, as one of the co-founders, contributed significant information about the working of the Legislative Councils. This is one of the instances of Mr Iyer’s advocacy of popular government — long before the arrival of Annie Besant in India. In the same year Mr Iyer moved to Madras and took up practice in the High Court, thus widening the sphere of his activity. He was also appointed a Fellow of the University. From this time onwards he was a constant adviser of the President of The Theosophical Society, Col. Olcott, and was made a member of the Executive Committee.

In 1887, the British Government gave expression to their appreciation of Subramania Iyer’s work; he became the first Indian to be appointed Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor. Owing to his unique abilities, high character and distinction, Mr Iyer was able to break down the prevalent racial prejudice and be accepted, and to enter for the first time into what had been regarded as the close preserve of the Europeans. At the end of his first term of office the Chief Justice wrote him a special letter of appreciation for his work. In 1895 he rose to the Bench of Madras High Court and till his retirement in 1907 he continued to be an honoured Judge, thrice being raised to Acting Chief Justice — in 1899, 1903 and 1906. The Privy Council recognized him as ‘a Hindu lawyer of great distinction’ and showed deference to his views; the public idolized him as one who never failed to temper justice with mercy.

The British Government, recognizing his brilliant work in his profession and his contribution to public welfare as a non-official member of the Legislative Council, made him a C.I.E. — ‘Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire’ — in 1889. In 1891 he was given the Indian title of ‘Diwan Bahadur’, and in 1900 he was made a ‘Knight Commander of the Indian Empire’ and became Sir Subramania Iyer. He retired from the office of Judge in November 1907, owing to failing eyesight.

==Work With Theosophical Society==

Having joined The Theosophical Society in the early 1880s Subramania Iyer threw himself into active work for the Movement. He was the Founder-President of the Madura Lodge of The Theosophical Society till 1885 when he settled in Madras.

In Madras, he was made a member of the inner committee of seven which really managed all the affairs of the Society. Col. H. S. Olcott, the President of the Theosophical Society, consulted him upon all points requiring decision, and placed great reliance on his judgement. He was also a member of the committee appointed to investigate the Coulomb affair, and it was largely owing to his advice that Madame Blavatsky was dissuaded from prosecuting them. In 1893, he met Annie Besant at the Annual Convention at Adyar and remained her staunch friend, working with her in all her various activities of nation-building and Theosophy. He was the co-founder of the Young Men’s Indian Association with Dr Besant, and an active worker and Honorary President of the National Home Rule League till he passed away. Annie Besant wrote of him:

'He joined The Theosophical Society in its early days, when it was despised and rejected of men, shed lustre on it by his brilliant intelligence, his spotless life, and his profound devotion to Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. He stood by her through the infamous Coulomb attack, and was a member of the Committee which investigated the charges and declared her innocent of the accusation of fraudulent phenomena brought against her.'

Sir Subramania Iyer was the Recording Secretary (1905–6) and assisted Col. Olcott when the Theosophical Society was incorporated on 3 April 1905 at Madras. He was appointed Vice-President in 1907 when Dr Besant took the office of President of The Theosophical Society. In 1911 when Mr Sinnett decided to rejoin the Society she offered him the position of Vice-President, and cabled to Sir Subramania Iyer to ask if he were willing to resign to make this appointment possible, and he gallantly and immediately agreed to do so.

In 1917, Sir Subramania Iyer took the bold step of addressing Mr Woodrow Wilson, President of the USA, on British misrule in India, citing particularly the incarceration of Annie Besant, G. S. Arundale and B. P. Wadia and requesting him to use America’s influence for Indian Home Rule. He also surrendered all the honours conferred on him by the British Government as, in Dr Besant’s words,

‘he would not wear an honour given by a Government which had struck so shrewd a blow at his country’s liberties’.

He was unceasing in his efforts to obtain the release of his colleagues. The agitation was successful and resulted in their release within three months. He continued to be actively involved in the work of The Theosophical Society and various other causes for his country till his last days.

==Tributes==
==Publications==
==Last Days==

Sir Subramania Iyer, after his retirement as Justice of the Madras Bench, concentrated on serving The Theosophical Society and his country, even while on his own spiritual quest. He took to the systematic investigation of many forms of meditation. Consequent to his spiritual pursuits and meditative practice he appeared to have attained certain occult powers, incompatible with a worldly life, and became a recluse. Doubtlessly his spiritual transformation was enkindled and fuelled in no small measure by his association with HPB, T. Subba Row, Dr Besant and The Theosophical Society. Dr Besant, wrote about Mani Iyer’s last days:

'He was ill for very long, but to the end his splendid brain remained strong; the last few months were full of pain, but the dear old man remained patient throughout, only longing to go Home; and he went gladly to the Master he loved and served.'

He passed away on 5 December 1924.

==Sources==
== Notes ==
<ref>Anonymous, "Subramania Iyer, Sir S.," ''The International Theosophical Year Book 1938'' (Adyar, Madras, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1938): 217.</ref>
<references/>

[[Category:Nationality Indian|Subramania Iyer, S.]]

S. Subramania Iyer

2017-05-15T16:13:42Z

Dhananjay Joshi:

'''Sir Subbier Subramania Iyer''' KCIE (Tamil: சுப்பையர் சுப்பிரமணிய ஐயர்) (1 October 1842 – 5 December 1924) was an Indian lawyer, jurist, and freedom fighter who worked with [[Annie Besant]] to establish the Indian Home Rule Movement.

==Early Days==

Subbaiyar Subramania Iyer was born of Brahman parents on 1 October 1842 in Madura (now Madurai) District, South India. He was brought up amid the enlivening and chastening circumstances of a high-caste Hindu family and hence had access to education in English very early in life. His mind was thus open in its formative period to the influences introduced by the West. His father Subbaiyar was a trusted Vakil or agent of the Zamindar of Ramnad (Madura District). He died in 1844 when Subramaniam was only two years old. Young Subramaniam had his early schooling in a Christian Mission, then in an English school, and in 1856 he entered Zilla High School. He was successful in various fields and passed the highest examination in that school in 1859. His name appeared in the official Gazette and caught the eye of the Collector of the District, and soon the successful young man started his career in Government service as a clerk.

While serving as a clerk, Subramania Iyer passed the examination to become a pleader at the head of the list for the Madras Presidency, but he was not given permission to practise. However, when the Criminal Procedure Code came into force in 1862, his legal qualifications found recognition.

==Career As A Lawyer==

The year 1857 saw the establishment of the University of Madras and in 1864 the High Court in Madras came into existence. Under its rules anyone who took the Bachelor of Law degree at Madras University and studied for a year under a practitioner of the High Court could be admitted to plead before it. Subramania Iyer took the opportunity to go in for higher studies and became a student once again. Though working all day in the office, he passed the Matriculation examination in 1865, Fellow of Arts in 1866 and Bachelor of Law in 1868 — all by private study. These added qualifications secured him promotion to the office of Tahsildar, but he soon resigned and apprenticed himself to an English Barrister who was also the Official Reporter to the High Court. Subramania Iyer became a reporter to the High Court himself and was formally admitted to the Bar in 1869. Within a few months he was able to start his career and returned to Madura where he practised for fourteen years.

In 1870, as a young man of twenty-eight, blossoming into a leader of the Bar, he was appointed the Municipal Commissioner of Madura, in which capacity he did much for that city. He was also a member of the Madura District Board. In 1873 he won a suit against a temple committee for discrepancies in their accounts, after which he strove hard throughout his life to introduce rectitude into the management of temples. He founded the Dharma Rakshana Sabha for carrying out reforms and for the redress of grievances in the management of Hindu temples. He was also the pioneer of a movement which culminated in the passing of the Hindu Religious Endowments Act and the establishment of the Hindu Religious Endowments Board. Later, as a Judge, he advocated that surplus temple funds be used for religious education and amenities for pilgrims. In 1875, when H. M. the late Emperor Edward visited Madura as Prince of Wales, Subramania Iyer was chosen to be the spokesman of the town and presented its loyal address of welcome. In 1877, recognition of his work came to Mr Iyer in the form of a Certificate of Merit awarded by Lord Lytton at Delhi. In 1884 Sir M. E. Grant Duff, Governor of Madras, visited Madura and, recognizing the worth of Subramania Iyer, nominated him a non-official member of the Madras Legislative Council.

The year 1884 was a turning point in Subramania Iyer’s life. He lost his wife and had to come to terms with his grief. He came into contact with Col. H. S. Olcott and joined The Theosophical Society, of which he remained a staunch and loyal member till the end. It was in Madras that he first met Mr T. Subba Row, a Hindu scholar and Theosophist, who much impressed him.

In December 1884 Subramania Iyer was one of the seventeen men of the Provisional Committee formed in Madras that began the long struggle for India’s freedom and evolved the scheme of a national assembly. In 1885 the Indian National Congress held its first formal session in Bombay. Mr Iyer, as one of the co-founders, contributed significant information about the working of the Legislative Councils. This is one of the instances of Mr Iyer’s advocacy of popular government — long before the arrival of Annie Besant in India. In the same year Mr Iyer moved to Madras and took up practice in the High Court, thus widening the sphere of his activity. He was also appointed a Fellow of the University. From this time onwards he was a constant adviser of the President of The Theosophical Society, Col. Olcott, and was made a member of the Executive Committee.

In 1887, the British Government gave expression to their appreciation of Subramania Iyer’s work; he became the first Indian to be appointed Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor. Owing to his unique abilities, high character and distinction, Mr Iyer was able to break down the prevalent racial prejudice and be accepted, and to enter for the first time into what had been regarded as the close preserve of the Europeans. At the end of his first term of office the Chief Justice wrote him a special letter of appreciation for his work. In 1895 he rose to the Bench of Madras High Court and till his retirement in 1907 he continued to be an honoured Judge, thrice being raised to Acting Chief Justice — in 1899, 1903 and 1906. The Privy Council recognized him as ‘a Hindu lawyer of great distinction’ and showed deference to his views; the public idolized him as one who never failed to temper justice with mercy.

The British Government, recognizing his brilliant work in his profession and his contribution to public welfare as a non-official member of the Legislative Council, made him a C.I.E. — ‘Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire’ — in 1889. In 1891 he was given the Indian title of ‘Diwan Bahadur’, and in 1900 he was made a ‘Knight Commander of the Indian Empire’ and became Sir Subramania Iyer. He retired from the office of Judge in November 1907, owing to failing eyesight.

==Work With Theosophical Society==

Having joined The Theosophical Society in the early 1880s Subramania Iyer threw himself into active work for the Movement. He was the Founder-President of the Madura Lodge of The Theosophical Society till 1885 when he settled in Madras.

In Madras, he was made a member of the inner committee of seven which really managed all the affairs of the Society. Col. H. S. Olcott, the President of the Theosophical Society, consulted him upon all points requiring decision, and placed great reliance on his judgement. He was also a member of the committee appointed to investigate the Coulomb affair, and it was largely owing to his advice that Madame Blavatsky was dissuaded from prosecuting them. In 1893, he met Annie Besant at the Annual Convention at Adyar and remained her staunch friend, working with her in all her various activities of nation-building and Theosophy. He was the co-founder of the Young Men’s Indian Association with Dr Besant, and an active worker and Honorary President of the National Home Rule League till he passed away. Annie Besant wrote of him:

'He joined The Theosophical Society in its early days, when it was despised and rejected of men, shed lustre on it by his brilliant intelligence, his spotless life, and his profound devotion to Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. He stood by her through the infamous Coulomb attack, and was a member of the Committee which investigated the charges and declared her innocent of the accusation of fraudulent phenomena brought against her.'

Sir Subramania Iyer was the Recording Secretary (1905–6) and assisted Col. Olcott when the Theosophical Society was incorporated on 3 April 1905 at Madras. He was appointed Vice-President in 1907 when Dr Besant took the office of President of The Theosophical Society. In 1911 when Mr Sinnett decided to rejoin the Society she offered him the position of Vice-President, and cabled to Sir Subramania Iyer to ask if he were willing to resign to make this appointment possible, and he gallantly and immediately agreed to do so.

In 1917, Sir Subramania Iyer took the bold step of addressing Mr Woodrow Wilson, President of the USA, on British misrule in India, citing particularly the incarceration of Annie Besant, G. S. Arundale and B. P. Wadia and requesting him to use America’s influence for Indian Home Rule. He also surrendered all the honours conferred on him by the British Government as, in Dr Besant’s words,

‘he would not wear an honour given by a Government which had struck so shrewd a blow at his country’s liberties’.

He was unceasing in his efforts to obtain the release of his colleagues. The agitation was successful and resulted in their release within three months. He continued to be actively involved in the work of The Theosophical Society and various other causes for his country till his last days.

==Tributes==
==Publications==
==Last Days==
==Sources==
== Notes ==
<ref>Anonymous, "Subramania Iyer, Sir S.," ''The International Theosophical Year Book 1938'' (Adyar, Madras, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1938): 217.</ref>
<references/>

[[Category:Nationality Indian|Subramania Iyer, S.]]

S. Subramania Iyer

2017-05-15T16:11:05Z

Dhananjay Joshi: /* Work With Theosophical Society */

'''Sir Subbier Subramania Iyer''' KCIE (Tamil: சுப்பையர் சுப்பிரமணிய ஐயர்) (1 October 1842 – 5 December 1924) was an Indian lawyer, jurist, and freedom fighter who worked with [[Annie Besant]] to establish the Indian Home Rule Movement.

==Early Days==

Subbaiyar Subramania Iyer was born of Brahman parents on 1 October 1842 in Madura (now Madurai) District, South India. He was brought up amid the enlivening and chastening circumstances of a high-caste Hindu family and hence had access to education in English very early in life. His mind was thus open in its formative period to the influences introduced by the West. His father Subbaiyar was a trusted Vakil or agent of the Zamindar of Ramnad (Madura District). He died in 1844 when Subramaniam was only two years old. Young Subramaniam had his early schooling in a Christian Mission, then in an English school, and in 1856 he entered Zilla High School. He was successful in various fields and passed the highest examination in that school in 1859. His name appeared in the official Gazette and caught the eye of the Collector of the District, and soon the successful young man started his career in Government service as a clerk.

While serving as a clerk, Subramania Iyer passed the examination to become a pleader at the head of the list for the Madras Presidency, but he was not given permission to practise. However, when the Criminal Procedure Code came into force in 1862, his legal qualifications found recognition.

==Career As A Lawyer==

The year 1857 saw the establishment of the University of Madras and in 1864 the High Court in Madras came into existence. Under its rules anyone who took the Bachelor of Law degree at Madras University and studied for a year under a practitioner of the High Court could be admitted to plead before it. Subramania Iyer took the opportunity to go in for higher studies and became a student once again. Though working all day in the office, he passed the Matriculation examination in 1865, Fellow of Arts in 1866 and Bachelor of Law in 1868 — all by private study. These added qualifications secured him promotion to the office of Tahsildar, but he soon resigned and apprenticed himself to an English Barrister who was also the Official Reporter to the High Court. Subramania Iyer became a reporter to the High Court himself and was formally admitted to the Bar in 1869. Within a few months he was able to start his career and returned to Madura where he practised for fourteen years.

In 1870, as a young man of twenty-eight, blossoming into a leader of the Bar, he was appointed the Municipal Commissioner of Madura, in which capacity he did much for that city. He was also a member of the Madura District Board. In 1873 he won a suit against a temple committee for discrepancies in their accounts, after which he strove hard throughout his life to introduce rectitude into the management of temples. He founded the Dharma Rakshana Sabha for carrying out reforms and for the redress of grievances in the management of Hindu temples. He was also the pioneer of a movement which culminated in the passing of the Hindu Religious Endowments Act and the establishment of the Hindu Religious Endowments Board. Later, as a Judge, he advocated that surplus temple funds be used for religious education and amenities for pilgrims. In 1875, when H. M. the late Emperor Edward visited Madura as Prince of Wales, Subramania Iyer was chosen to be the spokesman of the town and presented its loyal address of welcome. In 1877, recognition of his work came to Mr Iyer in the form of a Certificate of Merit awarded by Lord Lytton at Delhi. In 1884 Sir M. E. Grant Duff, Governor of Madras, visited Madura and, recognizing the worth of Subramania Iyer, nominated him a non-official member of the Madras Legislative Council.

The year 1884 was a turning point in Subramania Iyer’s life. He lost his wife and had to come to terms with his grief. He came into contact with Col. H. S. Olcott and joined The Theosophical Society, of which he remained a staunch and loyal member till the end. It was in Madras that he first met Mr T. Subba Row, a Hindu scholar and Theosophist, who much impressed him.

In December 1884 Subramania Iyer was one of the seventeen men of the Provisional Committee formed in Madras that began the long struggle for India’s freedom and evolved the scheme of a national assembly. In 1885 the Indian National Congress held its first formal session in Bombay. Mr Iyer, as one of the co-founders, contributed significant information about the working of the Legislative Councils. This is one of the instances of Mr Iyer’s advocacy of popular government — long before the arrival of Annie Besant in India. In the same year Mr Iyer moved to Madras and took up practice in the High Court, thus widening the sphere of his activity. He was also appointed a Fellow of the University. From this time onwards he was a constant adviser of the President of The Theosophical Society, Col. Olcott, and was made a member of the Executive Committee.

In 1887, the British Government gave expression to their appreciation of Subramania Iyer’s work; he became the first Indian to be appointed Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor. Owing to his unique abilities, high character and distinction, Mr Iyer was able to break down the prevalent racial prejudice and be accepted, and to enter for the first time into what had been regarded as the close preserve of the Europeans. At the end of his first term of office the Chief Justice wrote him a special letter of appreciation for his work. In 1895 he rose to the Bench of Madras High Court and till his retirement in 1907 he continued to be an honoured Judge, thrice being raised to Acting Chief Justice — in 1899, 1903 and 1906. The Privy Council recognized him as ‘a Hindu lawyer of great distinction’ and showed deference to his views; the public idolized him as one who never failed to temper justice with mercy.

The British Government, recognizing his brilliant work in his profession and his contribution to public welfare as a non-official member of the Legislative Council, made him a C.I.E. — ‘Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire’ — in 1889. In 1891 he was given the Indian title of ‘Diwan Bahadur’, and in 1900 he was made a ‘Knight Commander of the Indian Empire’ and became Sir Subramania Iyer. He retired from the office of Judge in November 1907, owing to failing eyesight.

==Work With Theosophical Society==

Having joined The Theosophical Society in the early 1880s Subramania Iyer threw himself into active work for the Movement. He was the Founder-President of the Madura Lodge of The Theosophical Society till 1885 when he settled in Madras.

In Madras, he was made a member of the inner committee of seven which really managed all the affairs of the Society. Col. H. S. Olcott, the President of the Theosophical Society, consulted him upon all points requiring decision, and placed great reliance on his judgement. He was also a member of the committee appointed to investigate the Coulomb affair, and it was largely owing to his advice that Madame Blavatsky was dissuaded from prosecuting them. In 1893, he met Annie Besant at the Annual Convention at Adyar and remained her staunch friend, working with her in all her various activities of nation-building and Theosophy. He was the co-founder of the Young Men’s Indian Association with Dr Besant, and an active worker and Honorary President of the National Home Rule League till he passed away. Annie Besant wrote of him:

'He joined The Theosophical Society in its early days, when it was despised and rejected of men, shed lustre on it by his brilliant intelligence, his spotless life, and his profound devotion to Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. He stood by her through the infamous Coulomb attack, and was a member of the Committee which investigated the charges and declared her innocent of the accusation of fraudulent phenomena brought against her.'

Sir Subramania Iyer was the Recording Secretary (1905–6) and assisted Col. Olcott when the Theosophical Society was incorporated on 3 April 1905 at Madras. He was appointed Vice-President in 1907 when Dr Besant took the office of President of The Theosophical Society. In 1911 when Mr Sinnett decided to rejoin the Society she offered him the position of Vice-President, and cabled to Sir Subramania Iyer to ask if he were willing to resign to make this appointment possible, and he gallantly and immediately agreed to do so.

In 1917, Sir Subramania Iyer took the bold step of addressing Mr Woodrow Wilson, President of the USA, on British misrule in India, citing particularly the incarceration of Annie Besant, G. S. Arundale and B. P. Wadia and requesting him to use America’s influence for Indian Home Rule. He also surrendered all the honours conferred on him by the British Government as, in Dr Besant’s words,

‘he would not wear an honour given by a Government which had struck so shrewd a blow at his country’s liberties’.

He was unceasing in his efforts to obtain the release of his colleagues. The agitation was successful and resulted in their release within three months. He continued to be actively involved in the work of The Theosophical Society and various other causes for his country till his last days.

==Tributes==
==Publications==
==Sources==
== Notes ==
<ref>Anonymous, "Subramania Iyer, Sir S.," ''The International Theosophical Year Book 1938'' (Adyar, Madras, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1938): 217.</ref>
<references/>

[[Category:Nationality Indian|Subramania Iyer, S.]]

S. Subramania Iyer

2017-05-15T16:09:29Z

Dhananjay Joshi: /* Career As A Lawyer */

2017-05-04T20:16:56Z

Dhananjay Joshi: Created page with "'''Sir Subbier Subramania Iyer''' KCIE (Tamil: சுப்பையர் சுப்பிரமணிய ஐயர்) (1 October 1842 – 5 December 1924) was an Indian l..."