Gravitation - Revision history

Linda Dorr: /* Formation of stellar systems */

2023-01-11T20:53:36Z

Formation of stellar systems

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	<blockquote>The "fiery Wind" is the incandescent Cosmic dust which only follows magnetically, as the iron filings follow the magnet, the directing thought of the [[Primordial Seven\|"Creative Forces"]].<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''The Secret Doctrine'' vol. I, (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 107.</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>The "fiery Wind" is the incandescent Cosmic dust which only follows magnetically, as the iron filings follow the magnet, the directing thought of the [[Primordial Seven\|"Creative Forces"]].<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''The Secret Doctrine'' vol. I, (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 107.</ref></blockquote>

	Because the theoretical predictions for star formation in science do not match what is actually observed, scientist have lately begun to consider the possibility that electromagnetism plays a ~~roll~~ in the process. They observed that the gas of a stellar system collapsed and fragmented,		Because the theoretical predictions for star formation in science do not match what is actually observed, scientist have lately begun to consider the possibility that electromagnetism plays a role in the process. They observed that the gas of a stellar system collapsed and fragmented,

	<blockquote>. . . forming a string of clumps that aligned themselves with the magnetic field. The clumps will eventually form the cores of future stars. The study's findings confirm theoretical predictions that magnetic fields play a major part in where proto-stars form.<ref>Anon, "Astronomy: Magnetism drives star birth," Nature, volume 538 (06 October 2016), 8.</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>. . . forming a string of clumps that aligned themselves with the magnetic field. The clumps will eventually form the cores of future stars. The study's findings confirm theoretical predictions that magnetic fields play a major part in where proto-stars form.<ref>Anon, "Astronomy: Magnetism drives star birth," Nature, volume 538 (06 October 2016), 8.</ref></blockquote>

Pablo Sender: /* Articles */

2020-06-19T15:35:36Z

Articles

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	===Articles===		===Articles===
	*[http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sd/sd1-3-04.htm# Is Gravitation a Law?] by H. P. Blavatsky		*[http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sd/sd1-3-04.htm# Is Gravitation a Law?] by H. P. Blavatsky
			*[https://www.quantamagazine.org/why-gravity-is-not-like-the-other-forces-20200615/# Why Gravity Is Not Like the Other Forces] at Quanta Magazine

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

Pablo Sender: /* Theosophical View */

2018-06-29T21:31:18Z

Theosophical View

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 == Theosophical View ==
-In [[Mahatma Letter No. 93b#Page 42|one of his letters]], [[Koot Hoomi|Master K.H.]] wrote that "there is no gravitation properly speaking; only attraction and repulsion".<ref>Vicente Hao Chin, Jr., ''The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett in chronological sequence'' No. 93b (Quezon City: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 320.</ref></blockquote> [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]] also challenged the concept of gravity as the cause of attraction between bodies. She wrote:
+In her book [[The Secret Doctrine (book)|''The Secret Doctrine'']], [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky|H. P. Blavatsky]] made the startling statement that gravity is not a force of nature:
-<blockquote>Astronomers who see in gravitation an easy-going solution for many things, and an universal force which allows them to calculate thereby planetary motions, care little about the Cause of Attraction. They call Gravity a law, a cause in itself. We call the forces acting under that name effects, and very secondary effects, too. One day it will be found that the scientific hypothesis does not answer after all. . .<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''The Secret Doctrine'' vol. I, (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 490.</ref></blockquote>
+<blockquote>Astronomers who see in gravitation an easy-going solution for many things, and an universal force which allows them to calculate thereby planetary motions, care little about the Cause of Attraction. They call Gravity a law, a cause in itself. We call the forces acting under that name effects, and very secondary effects, too. One day it will be found that the scientific hypothesis does not answer after all.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''The Secret Doctrine'' vol. I, (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 490.</ref></blockquote>
 == Scientific Theories ==

Pablo Sender at 18:43, 28 October 2013

2013-10-28T18:43:39Z

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	Gravitation is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, along with electromagnetism, and the nuclear strong force and weak force. Modern physics describes gravitation using the general theory of relativity by Einstein, in which it is a consequence of the curvature of spacetime governing the motion of inertial objects. The simpler Newton's law of universal gravitation provides an accurate approximation for most physical situations.		Gravitation is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, along with electromagnetism, and the nuclear strong force and weak force. Modern physics describes gravitation using the general theory of relativity by Einstein, in which it is a consequence of the curvature of spacetime governing the motion of inertial objects. The simpler Newton's law of universal gravitation provides an accurate approximation for most physical situations.

	== ~~Mme. Blavatsky of Gravitation~~ ==		== Theosophical View ==

	[[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]] challenged the concept of gravity as the cause of attraction between bodies. She wrote:		In [[Mahatma Letter No. 93b#Page 42\|one of his letters]], [[Koot Hoomi\|Master K.H.]] wrote that "there is no gravitation properly speaking; only attraction and repulsion".<ref>Vicente Hao Chin, Jr., ''The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett in chronological sequence'' No. 93b (Quezon City: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 320.</ref></blockquote> [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]] also challenged the concept of gravity as the cause of attraction between bodies. She wrote:

	<blockquote>Astronomers who see in gravitation an easy-going solution for many things, and an universal force which allows them to calculate thereby planetary motions, care little about the Cause of Attraction. They call Gravity a law, a cause in itself. We call the forces acting under that name effects, and very secondary effects, too. One day it will be found that the scientific hypothesis does not answer after all. . .<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''The Secret Doctrine'' vol. I, (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 490.</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>Astronomers who see in gravitation an easy-going solution for many things, and an universal force which allows them to calculate thereby planetary motions, care little about the Cause of Attraction. They call Gravity a law, a cause in itself. We call the forces acting under that name effects, and very secondary effects, too. One day it will be found that the scientific hypothesis does not answer after all. . .<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''The Secret Doctrine'' vol. I, (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 490.</ref></blockquote>

Pablo Sender: /* Scientific Theories */

2012-12-20T20:54:33Z

Scientific Theories

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	===Einstein's theory or relativity===		===Einstein's theory or relativity===

	In general relativity, the ~~effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime~~ curvature ~~instead~~ of ~~a force. Einstein proposed that~~ spacetime ~~is curved~~ by matter, and ~~that~~ free-falling objects ~~are moving~~ along locally straight paths ~~in curved~~ spacetime. ~~These straight paths are called geodesics~~.		According to the general relativity, gravity is not an attractive force. It's the curvature of the spacetime fabric by matter, which causes bodies to follow certain orbits and free-falling objects move along locally straight paths called geodesics. Einstein's theory is so precise that, as Einstein predicted, even light follows the spacetime curvature. However, the general relativity model cannot account for the sub-atomic level of reality.

	===Gravity and quantum mechanics===		===Gravity and quantum mechanics===

	~~The way gravity is described by general~~ relativity is incompatible with quantum mechanics. The latter describes gravity like the other fundamental forces~~, postulating~~ that the attractive force of gravity arises due to exchange of undiscovered gravitons. However, this approach has failures that require a more complete theory of quantum gravity, or a new approach to quantum mechanics.		General relativity is incompatible with quantum mechanics. The latter describes gravity in itw own way, treating it like the other fundamental forces--it postulates that the attractive force of gravity arises due to exchange of still undiscovered gravitons. However, this approach has failures that require a more complete theory of quantum gravity, or a new approach to quantum mechanics.

	==Online resources==		==Online resources==

Pablo Sender at 17:02, 20 December 2012

2012-12-20T17:02:32Z

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	===Articles===		===Articles===
	*[http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sd/sd1-3-04.htm# Is Gravitation a Law?] by H. P. Blavatsky		*[http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sd/sd1-3-04.htm# Is Gravitation a Law?] by H. P. Blavatsky
	*[http://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/1250# Science and the Occult: Where the Twain Meet] by David Grandy

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

Pablo Sender: /* Newton's theory of gravitation */

2012-12-20T17:00:09Z

Newton's theory of gravitation

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	===Newton's theory of gravitation===		===Newton's theory of gravitation===

	Isaac Newton formulated the inverse-square law of universal gravitation. Although it was frequently regarded as a property of matter, Newton himself did not think so. Actually, he only described the action of gravity but not the cause for it. In a letter to an acquaintance of him, Richard Bentley:		Isaac Newton formulated the inverse-square law of universal gravitation. Although gravity was frequently regarded as a property of matter, Newton himself did not think so. Actually, he only described the action of gravity but not the cause for it. In a letter to an acquaintance of him, Richard Bentley:

	<blockquote>It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should (without the mediation of something else which is not material) operate upon and affect other matter without mutual contact; as it must if gravitation in the sense of Epicurus be essential and inherent in it. And this is one reason why I desired you would not ascribe innate gravity to me. That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to matter so that one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum without the mediation of any thing else by and through which their action or force may be conveyed from one to another is to me so great an absurdity that I believe that no man who has in philosophical matters any competent faculty of thinking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws, but whether this agent be material or immaterial is a question.<ref>Richard S. Westfall, ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton''. (Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 505.</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should (without the mediation of something else which is not material) operate upon and affect other matter without mutual contact; as it must if gravitation in the sense of Epicurus be essential and inherent in it. And this is one reason why I desired you would not ascribe innate gravity to me. That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to matter so that one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum without the mediation of any thing else by and through which their action or force may be conveyed from one to another is to me so great an absurdity that I believe that no man who has in philosophical matters any competent faculty of thinking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws, but whether this agent be material or immaterial is a question.<ref>Richard S. Westfall, ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton''. (Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 505.</ref></blockquote>

Pablo Sender at 16:59, 20 December 2012

2012-12-20T16:59:43Z

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	===Newton's theory of gravitation===		===Newton's theory of gravitation===

	Isaac Newton formulated the inverse-square law of universal gravitation. ~~However~~, he ~~did~~ not ~~describe~~ the cause for it. In a letter to an acquaintance of him, Richard Bentley:		Isaac Newton formulated the inverse-square law of universal gravitation. Although it was frequently regarded as a property of matter, Newton himself did not think so. Actually, he only described the action of gravity but not the cause for it. In a letter to an acquaintance of him, Richard Bentley:

	<blockquote>It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should (without the mediation of something else which is not material) operate upon and affect other matter without mutual contact; as it must if gravitation in the sense of Epicurus be essential and inherent in it. And this is one reason why I desired you would not ascribe innate gravity to me. That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to matter so that one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum without the mediation of any thing else by and through which their action or force may be conveyed from one to another is to me so great an absurdity that I believe that no man who has in philosophical matters any competent faculty of thinking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws, but whether this agent be material or immaterial is a question.<ref>Richard S. Westfall, ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton''. (Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 505.</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should (without the mediation of something else which is not material) operate upon and affect other matter without mutual contact; as it must if gravitation in the sense of Epicurus be essential and inherent in it. And this is one reason why I desired you would not ascribe innate gravity to me. That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to matter so that one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum without the mediation of any thing else by and through which their action or force may be conveyed from one to another is to me so great an absurdity that I believe that no man who has in philosophical matters any competent faculty of thinking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws, but whether this agent be material or immaterial is a question.<ref>Richard S. Westfall, ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton''. (Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 505.</ref></blockquote>

Pablo Sender at 16:50, 20 December 2012

2012-12-20T16:50:36Z

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	Isaac Newton formulated the inverse-square law of universal gravitation. However, he did not describe the cause for it. In a letter to an acquaintance of him, Richard Bentley:		Isaac Newton formulated the inverse-square law of universal gravitation. However, he did not describe the cause for it. In a letter to an acquaintance of him, Richard Bentley:

	<blockquote>It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should (without the mediation of something else which is not material) operate upon and affect other matter without mutual contact; as it must if gravitation in the sense of Epicurus be essential and inherent in it. And this is one reason why I desired you would not ascribe innate gravity to me. That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to matter so that one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum without the mediation of any thing else by and through which their action or force may be conveyed from one to another is to me so great an absurdity that I believe that no man who has in philosophical matters any competent faculty of thinking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws, but whether this agent be material or immaterial is a question.<ref>Richard S. Westfall, ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton''. (Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 505.</ref></blockquote>.		<blockquote>It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should (without the mediation of something else which is not material) operate upon and affect other matter without mutual contact; as it must if gravitation in the sense of Epicurus be essential and inherent in it. And this is one reason why I desired you would not ascribe innate gravity to me. That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to matter so that one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum without the mediation of any thing else by and through which their action or force may be conveyed from one to another is to me so great an absurdity that I believe that no man who has in philosophical matters any competent faculty of thinking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws, but whether this agent be material or immaterial is a question.<ref>Richard S. Westfall, ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton''. (Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 505.</ref></blockquote>

	Although Newton's law was useful in general applications, there were some problems that it could not solve. Newton's theory was finally superseded in 1915 when Albert Einstein developed the theory of general relativity, and was able to solved such problems.		Although Newton's law was useful in general applications, there were some problems that it could not solve. Newton's theory was finally superseded in 1915 when Albert Einstein developed the theory of general relativity, and was able to solved such problems.

	===Einstein's theory or relativity==		===Einstein's theory or relativity===

	In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of a force. Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime. These straight paths are called geodesics.		In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of a force. Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime. These straight paths are called geodesics.

Pablo Sender at 16:48, 20 December 2012

2012-12-20T16:48:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:48, 20 December 2012
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	== Scientific Theories ==		== Scientific Theories ==
			===Newton's theory of gravitation===

			Isaac Newton formulated the inverse-square law of universal gravitation. However, he did not describe the cause for it. In a letter to an acquaintance of him, Richard Bentley:

			<blockquote>It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should (without the mediation of something else which is not material) operate upon and affect other matter without mutual contact; as it must if gravitation in the sense of Epicurus be essential and inherent in it. And this is one reason why I desired you would not ascribe innate gravity to me. That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to matter so that one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum without the mediation of any thing else by and through which their action or force may be conveyed from one to another is to me so great an absurdity that I believe that no man who has in philosophical matters any competent faculty of thinking can ever fall into it. Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws, but whether this agent be material or immaterial is a question.<ref>Richard S. Westfall, ''Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton''. (Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 505.</ref></blockquote>.

			Although Newton's law was useful in general applications, there were some problems that it could not solve. Newton's theory was finally superseded in 1915 when Albert Einstein developed the theory of general relativity, and was able to solved such problems.

			===Einstein's theory or relativity==

			In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of a force. Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime. These straight paths are called geodesics.

			===Gravity and quantum mechanics===

			The way gravity is described by general relativity is incompatible with quantum mechanics. The latter describes gravity like the other fundamental forces, postulating that the attractive force of gravity arises due to exchange of undiscovered gravitons. However, this approach has failures that require a more complete theory of quantum gravity, or a new approach to quantum mechanics.

	==Online resources==		==Online resources==